Advanced Footwear Technology in Endurance Running: Mechanisms, Economy, and Performance – A Review

Since the introduction of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) in 2017, numerous world records from 5 km to the marathon have been broken. Among these innovations, carbon-plated shoes have received particular attention. Studies report improvements of up to 4% in running economy (RE) and approximately 2% in performance. The rapid progression of performances has generated significant scientific interest; however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms driving the effectiveness of AFT remains limited. Despite widespread adoption and notable outcomes, neither researchers nor manufacturers can fully explain why design features such as increased stack height, embedded carbon fibre plates, and enhanced longitudinal bending stiffness are so effective, making optimisation of their benefits an ongoing challenge. This review summarises current knowledge on AFT and critically evaluates the biomechanical and physiological mechanisms underlying their effects on RE and performance. It also highlights the interaction between shoe design features and individual biomechanics, supporting evidence-based approaches to footwear selection and training strategies tailored to athletes’ needs. A clearer understanding of these mechanisms may provide valuable insights for researchers, coaches, and athletes, and help maximise the potential benefits of AFT.