Are children with prolonged fever at a higher risk for serious illness? A prospective observational study

Ruud G Nijman (Corresponding Author), Chantal D Tan, Nienke N Hagedoorn, Daan Nieboer, Anda Balode, Dace Zavadska, PERFORM consortium

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

3 Citations (Scopus)
25 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Objectives: To describe the characteristics and clinical outcomes of children with fever ≥5 days presenting to emergency departments (EDs). Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: 12 European EDs. Patients: Consecutive febrile children <18 years between January 2017 and April 2018. Interventions: Children with fever ≥5 days and their risks for serious bacterial infection (SBI) were compared with children with fever <5 days, including diagnostic accuracy of non-specific symptoms, warning signs and C-reactive protein (CRP; mg/L). Main outcome measures: SBI and other non-infectious serious illness. Results: 3778/35 705 (10.6%) of febrile children had fever ≥5 days. Incidence of SBI in children with fever ≥5 days was higher than in those with fever <5 days (8.4% vs 5.7%). Triage urgency, life-saving interventions and intensive care admissions were similar for fever ≥5 days and <5 days. Several warning signs had good rule in value for SBI with specificities >0.90, but were observed infrequently (range: 0.4%-17%). Absence of warning signs was not sufficiently reliable to rule out SBI (sensitivity 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.95), negative likelihood ratio (LR) 0.34 (0.22-0.54)). CRP <20 mg/L was useful for ruling out SBI (negative LR 0.16 (0.11-0.24)). There were 66 cases (1.7%) of non-infectious serious illnesses, including 21 cases of Kawasaki disease (0.6%), 28 inflammatory conditions (0.7%) and 4 malignancies. Conclusion: Children with prolonged fever have a higher risk of SBI, warranting a careful clinical assessment and diagnostic workup. Warning signs of SBI occurred infrequently but, if present, increased the likelihood of SBI. Although rare, clinicians should consider important non-infectious causes of prolonged fever.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)632-639
Number of pages8
JournalArchives of Disease in Childhood
Volume108
Issue number8
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 25 Apr 2023

Keywords*

  • Child Health
  • Emergency Care
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Medicine
  • Paediatric Emergency Medicine

Field of Science*

  • 3.2 Clinical medicine

Publication Type*

  • 1.1. Scientific article indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus database

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