TY - JOUR
T1 - Characteristics of Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation, Tissue Remodeling, Growth, and Vascularity in Noses of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
AU - Balode, Evija
AU - Pilmane, Māra
N1 - Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by Riga Stradins University, Nr.5-1/106/2019 from 12.04.2019 “The elaboration of diagnostic prognostic factor algorithm of facial tissue complex regeneration for cleft patients in longitudinal aspect”.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/8/1
Y1 - 2020/8/1
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To detect the appearance and distribution of factors regulating remodeling, innervation, growth, and vascularity of the nasal tissue affected by cleft lip and palate (CLP).DESIGN: Morphological analysis of human tissue.SETTING: Cleft and craniofacial center.PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen patients who underwent CLP rhinoplasty, 7 control patients.INTERVENTIONS: Rhinoplasty.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunohistochemistry was performed with protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). The results were evaluated semiquantitatively. Spearman rank order correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney
U test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue revealed dense and loose connective tissue, adipose cells, and hyaline cartilage, along with numerous CD34-positive endotheliocytes and regions of VEGF-positive neoangiogenesis. We observed moderate to numerous PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers. Transforming growth factor β1, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 were found in cartilage and connective tissue. Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue compared to control samples showed a statistically significant difference in PGP 9.5 (
P = .006), VEGF (
P = .001), MMP2 (
P = .002), MMP9 (
P = .013), and TIMP2 (
P < .001) expression. We observed a strong, positive correlation between VEGF and MMP9 (
P = .027;
r
S = 0.705).
CONCLUSIONS: The moderate expression of TGFβ1 and increased distribution of VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 demonstrate an active extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, performed by proteases. The cartilaginous septum of the nose is an example of balance between tissue degradation and its suppression, demonstrated by the relationship between MMPs and TIMPs and the presence of VEGF.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To detect the appearance and distribution of factors regulating remodeling, innervation, growth, and vascularity of the nasal tissue affected by cleft lip and palate (CLP).DESIGN: Morphological analysis of human tissue.SETTING: Cleft and craniofacial center.PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen patients who underwent CLP rhinoplasty, 7 control patients.INTERVENTIONS: Rhinoplasty.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunohistochemistry was performed with protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). The results were evaluated semiquantitatively. Spearman rank order correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney
U test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue revealed dense and loose connective tissue, adipose cells, and hyaline cartilage, along with numerous CD34-positive endotheliocytes and regions of VEGF-positive neoangiogenesis. We observed moderate to numerous PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers. Transforming growth factor β1, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 were found in cartilage and connective tissue. Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue compared to control samples showed a statistically significant difference in PGP 9.5 (
P = .006), VEGF (
P = .001), MMP2 (
P = .002), MMP9 (
P = .013), and TIMP2 (
P < .001) expression. We observed a strong, positive correlation between VEGF and MMP9 (
P = .027;
r
S = 0.705).
CONCLUSIONS: The moderate expression of TGFβ1 and increased distribution of VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 demonstrate an active extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, performed by proteases. The cartilaginous septum of the nose is an example of balance between tissue degradation and its suppression, demonstrated by the relationship between MMPs and TIMPs and the presence of VEGF.
KW - facial morphology
KW - nasal morphology
KW - nonsyndromic clefting
KW - nose
KW - rhinoplasty
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85081721206&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/1055665620904519
DO - 10.1177/1055665620904519
M3 - Article
C2 - 32066266
AN - SCOPUS:85081721206
SN - 1055-6656
VL - 57
SP - 948
EP - 956
JO - Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
JF - Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
IS - 8
ER -