Deep Learning for Caries Detection: A Systematic Review

Hossein Mohammad-rahimi, Saeed Reza Motamedian, Mohammad Hossein Rohban, Joachim Krois, Sergio Uribe, Erfan Mahmoudi Nia, Rata Rokhshad, Mohadeseh Nadimi, Falk Schwendicke (Corresponding Author)

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

100 Citations (Scopus)
286 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Objectives
Detecting caries lesions is challenging for dentists, and deep learning models may help practitioners to increase accuracy and reliability. We aimed to systematically review deep learning studies on caries detection.

Data
We selected diagnostic accuracy studies that used deep learning models on dental imagery (including radiographs, photographs, optical coherence tomography images, near-infrared light transillumination images). The latest version of the quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool was used for risk of bias assessment. Meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity in the studies methods and their performance measurements.

Sources
Databases (Medline via PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase) and a repository (ArXiv) were screened for publications published after 2010, without any limitation on language.

Study selection
From 252 potentially eligible references, 48 studies were assessed full-text and 42 included, using classification (n=26), object detection (n=6), or segmentation models (n=10). A wide range of performance metrics was used; image, object or pixel accuracy ranged between 68%-99%. The minority of studies (n=11) showed a low risk of biases in all domains, and 13 studies (31.0%) low risk for concerns regarding applicability. The accuracy of caries classification models varied, i.e. 71% to 96% on intra-oral photographs, 82% to 99.2% on peri-apical radiographs, 87.6% to 95.4% on bitewing radiographs, 68.0% to 78.0% on near-infrared transillumination images, 88.7% to 95.2% on optical coherence tomography images, and 86.1% to 96.1% on panoramic radiographs. Pooled diagnostic odds ratios varied from 2.27 to 32767. For detection and segmentation models, heterogeneity in reporting did not allow useful pooling.

Conclusion
An increasing number of studies investigated caries detection using deep learning, with a diverse types of architectures being employed. Reported accuracy seems promising, while study and reporting quality are currently low.

Clinical significance
Deep learning models can be considered as an assistant for decisions regarding the presence or absence of carious lesions.
Original languageEnglish
Article number104115
Number of pages16
JournalJournal of Dentistry
Volume122
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2022

Keywords*

  • Artificial intelligence
  • Machine learning
  • Neural Networks
  • Dental Caries
  • Dentistry
  • Systematic Review

Field of Science*

  • 3.2 Clinical medicine

Publication Type*

  • 1.1. Scientific article indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus database

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