TY - JOUR
T1 - Graves’ disease as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-1-infected adolescent patient
T2 - A case report
AU - Kornete, Liga
AU - Terauda, Ruta
AU - Sausa, Sintija
AU - Dzivite-Krisane, Iveta
AU - Melderis, Ivars
AU - Sitkare, Valentina
AU - Rozentale, Baiba
AU - Zakis, Davis Rudolfs
N1 - Funding Information:
Paediatric Endocrinology Department staff, Children's Clinical University Hospital; Outpatient Department of the Latvian Centre of Infectious Diseases; Rare Diseases Centre, Children's Clinical University Hospital.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/6
Y1 - 2022/6
N2 - Introduction: Although Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in adolescents, it is very rare for it to result from the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor autoantibodies due to Graves' immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Especially for paediatric patients, very little is known about the aetiology and complete pathogenesis of Graves’ IRIS. Furthermore, details of a valid treatment plan are severely lacking. The case report presented here is only the third for paediatric patients worldwide. Case presentation: We report on a Caucasian female adolescent who initially presented with non-specific complaints about discomfort and tightness in the anterior part of the neck and thyroid enlargement. Based on clinical, laboratory and thyroid ultrasound findings, she was diagnosed with GD. However, after several months of outpatient treatment, the patient's GD could still not be fully managed with conservative therapy alone. Only when the patient was hospitalized for the third time was it discovered that she had previously been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection and had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the previous 29 months. Consequently, the production of autoantibodies to TSH receptors and abnormal changes in thyroid hormones had led to the development of GD and her final diagnosis was established as Graves' IRIS. Ultimately, a total thyroidectomy was performed. Discussion/conclusion: This case report demonstrates how fundamentally important it is to have full access to a patient's complete anamnesis and results of all previous investigations. Clinicians should be made aware of the potential existence of thyroid dysfunction and other autoimmune or infectious processes in paediatric patients initiating or reinitiating HAART. Further research is needed to optimize the treatment for such paediatric patients.
AB - Introduction: Although Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in adolescents, it is very rare for it to result from the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor autoantibodies due to Graves' immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Especially for paediatric patients, very little is known about the aetiology and complete pathogenesis of Graves’ IRIS. Furthermore, details of a valid treatment plan are severely lacking. The case report presented here is only the third for paediatric patients worldwide. Case presentation: We report on a Caucasian female adolescent who initially presented with non-specific complaints about discomfort and tightness in the anterior part of the neck and thyroid enlargement. Based on clinical, laboratory and thyroid ultrasound findings, she was diagnosed with GD. However, after several months of outpatient treatment, the patient's GD could still not be fully managed with conservative therapy alone. Only when the patient was hospitalized for the third time was it discovered that she had previously been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection and had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the previous 29 months. Consequently, the production of autoantibodies to TSH receptors and abnormal changes in thyroid hormones had led to the development of GD and her final diagnosis was established as Graves' IRIS. Ultimately, a total thyroidectomy was performed. Discussion/conclusion: This case report demonstrates how fundamentally important it is to have full access to a patient's complete anamnesis and results of all previous investigations. Clinicians should be made aware of the potential existence of thyroid dysfunction and other autoimmune or infectious processes in paediatric patients initiating or reinitiating HAART. Further research is needed to optimize the treatment for such paediatric patients.
KW - Childhood-onset Graves' disease
KW - Graves' immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
KW - HIV-1 infection
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85130962543&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jecr.2022.100118
DO - 10.1016/j.jecr.2022.100118
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85130962543
SN - 2214-6245
VL - 24
JO - Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology: Case Reports
JF - Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology: Case Reports
M1 - 100118
ER -
