History of inclusive physical education in Eastern and Central Europe

The main focus of this chapter is on historical challenges in developing inclusive physical education in Eastern and Central Europe (ECE). The history of educational practices in relation to persons with disabilities has been closely linked with political systems and events. Nowadays, the majority of European countries has recognized inclusive education as a national priority in education policy. However, the development and implementation of inclusive education programmes vary immensely. Globalization and the increasing number of learners from diverse cultural backgrounds with different education needs have changed the traditional understanding of teaching. This chapter gives an historical overview of: - the historical roots of inclusive education and inclusive physical education; - the development of physical education programmes for children with disabilities in special schools as the foundation of future inclusive and adapted physical education; - the professional preparation of physical education teachers for inclusive education. A very limited number of schools in the ECE region has yet succeeded in constructing an education environment that meets intentions of inclusion, as defined by different international organizations. The debate on inclusive physical education is closely linked with the terminology of disability that is increasingly viewed as part of social and political transformation.