How to teach ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks to residents

The learning process in US – guided blocks require residents to learn different cognitive, technical and behavioral skills. Most important cognitive skills are knowledge in anatomy and sonoanatomy, equipment for blocks and ultrasound, ultrasound physics, local anesthetic pharmacology and stages of block procedures. Lectures, hands-on practical sessions, books of regional anesthesia, online applications, video and practical demonstrations, interactive learning experiences, radiological imaging can be used depending on availability in local hospitals and universities. Furthermore, essentials of ultrasound, ergonomics and positioning are fundamental knowledge for residents when they initially start to work with the ultrasound for the first time.