@article{9dab1670a0f44214867f7bff7e7ad351,
title = "International comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes: an update and extension",
abstract = "AIMS: To update and extend a previous cross-sectional international comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes.METHODS: Data were obtained for 520,392 children and adults with type 1 diabetes from 17 population and five clinic-based data sources in countries or regions between 2016 and 2020. Median HbA 1c (IQR) and proportions of individuals with HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%), 58-74 mmol/mol (7.5-8.9%) and ≥75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) were compared between populations for individuals aged <15, 15-24 and ≥25 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) relative to ≥58 mmol/mol (≥7.5%), stratified and adjusted for sex, age and data source. Where possible, changes in the proportion of individuals in each HbA 1c category compared to previous estimates were calculated. RESULTS: Median HbA 1c varied from 55 to 79 mmol/mol (7.2 to 9.4%) across data sources and age groups so a pooled estimate was deemed inappropriate. OR (95% CI) for HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) were 0.91 (0.90-0.92) for women compared to men, 1.68 (1.65-1.71) for people aged <15 years and 0.81 (0.79-0.82) aged15-24 years compared to those aged ≥25 years. Differences between populations persisted after adjusting for sex, age and data source. In general, compared to our previous analysis, the proportion of people with an HbA 1c < 58 mmol/l (<7.5%) increased and proportions of people with HbA 1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic control of type 1 diabetes continues to vary substantially between age groups and data sources. While some improvement over time has been observed, glycaemic control remains sub-optimal for most people with Type 1 diabetes.",
keywords = "glycaemic control, HbA, registers of people with diabetes, type 1 diabetes",
author = "{the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group} and Regina Prigge and McKnight, {John A.} and Wild, {Sarah H.} and Aveni Haynes and Jones, {Timothy W.} and Davis, {Elizabeth A.} and Birgit Rami-Merhar and Maria Fritsch and Christine Prchla and Astrid Lavens and Kris Doggen and Suchsia Chao and Ronnie Aronson and Ruth Brown and Ibfelt, {Else H.} and Jannet Svensson and Robert Young and Warner, {Justin T.} and Holy Robinson and Tiina Laatikainen and P{\"a}ivi Rautiainen and Brigitte Delemer and Souchon, {Pierre Fran{\c c}ois} and Diallo, {Alpha M.} and Holl, {Reinhard W.} and Schmid, {Sebastian M.} and Klemens Raile and Stelios Tigas and Alexandra Bargiota and Ioanna Zografou and Luk, {Andrea O.Y.} and Chan, {Juliana C.N.} and Dinneen, {Sean F.} and Buckley, {Claire M.} and Oratile Kgosidialwa and Valentino Cherubini and Rosaria Gesuita and Ieva Strele and Santa Pildava and Henk Veeze and Aanstoot, {Henk Jan} and Dick Mul and Craig Jefferies and Cooper, {John G.} and L{\o}vaas, {Karianne Fjeld} and Tadej Battelino and Klemen Dovc and Nata{\v s}a Bratina and Katarina Eeg-Olofsson and Svensson, {Ann Marie}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the German/Austria DPV database. We would like to thank all Austrian diabetes centers contributing data to the DPV‐registry, especially the multidisciplinary diabetes teams, the persons with diabetes and their families, as well as the team of Prof. Holl in Ulm, Germany for their support. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the Belgian Group of Experts IQECAD and IQED We would like to thank the Group of Expert team members (IQED: Prof. Dr. L. Crenier, Prof. Dr. C. De Block, Prof. Dr. C. Mathieu, Dr. F. Nobels, Dr. P. Oriot, Dr. M. Vandenbroucke, Dr. V. Vanelshocht and Dr. A. Verhaegen; IQECAD: Dr. V. Beauloye, Dr. D. Beckers, Dr. K. Casteels, Dr. M. Den Brinker, Dr. S. Depoorter, Dr. L. Dooms, Dr. D. Klink, Dr. M‐C. Lebrethon, Dr. J. Louis, Dr. K. Logghe, Dr. N. Seret, Dr. S. Tenoutasse, Dr. J. Vanbesien, Dr. S. Van Aken and Dr. R. Zeevaert) and staff of Belgian specialised diabetes centres. IQED and IQECAD are funded by the Belgian National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI). We acknowledge with gratitude the nurses, the physicians and the persons with diabetes contributing to the Danish Childhood Diabetes Register (DanDiabKids). The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the the National Paediatric Diabetes Audit and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the National Diabetes Audit, The National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA) and the National Diabetes Audit (NDA) acknowledge the commissioning of the audits by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) and the funding by NHS England and the Welsh Government. We thank the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health who manage and deliver the NPDA, Alex Berry (Diabetes UK, London, UK) for patient and professional input, and all members of the NDA Core advisory group. The NDA is prepared in collaboration with NHS Digital and is supported by Diabetes UK and Public Health England. We specifically thank Ms Saira Pons Perez, who extracted and prepared NPDA data and Matt Curley, the analyst at NHS Digital, who extracted, quality assured and supplied NDA data. We thank the Siunsote IT‐unit for data retrieval and IMPRO research consortium enabling the access to the data. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the CAR{\'e}DIAB Network. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the German/Austria DPV database. The German DPV registry is funded by the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD grant 82DZD14A02), the German Robert‐Koch‐Institute and the German Diabetes Association. Members of the Galway University Hospitals (GUH) Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism include Dr Marcia Bell, Prof Fidelma Dunne, Dr Francis Finucane, Prof Timothy O{\textquoteright}Brien, Dr Esther O{\textquoteright}Sullivan and Dr Niamh T. McGrath. Data were extracted from the GUH Diabetes Clinical, Information System (DIAMOND). We acknowledge the contribution of Louise Carmody in data extraction and management. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the Clinical Registry of the Marche region, Italy. We thank all primary care physicians and endocrinologists in Latvia who regularly report the information about their diabetes patients to the Diabetes Register as well as the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia for co‐operation in providing the research datasets. We acknowledge the support of Pim Dekker in data management. We acknowledge with gratitude the contribution of people with diabetes who have consented to having their data recorded in the diabetes register and the diabetes teams at 45 hospitals for reporting data to the diabetes register. The Norwegian Diabetes Register for Adults is financed by the Regional Health Authority in Western Norway. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group. We acknowledge with gratitude the contributions of people with diabetes, the staff and organisations involved in providing data, setting up, maintaining and overseeing collation of data for people with diabetes in Scotland. The Scottish Diabetes Research Network is supported by National Health Service (NHS) Research Scotland, a partnership involving Scottish NHS Boards and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. We thank Lesley Gardner for administrative support with collating and submitting the manuscript. We acknowledge with gratitude the contributions of people with diabetes, the staff of Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, UMC – University Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital involved in providing data, setting up, maintaining and overseeing collation of data for people with diabetes in Slovenia. The authors have submitted this work on behalf of the National Diabetes Register in Sweden. We acknowledge with gratitude the Swedish National Diabetes Register coordinators, the nurses, the physicians and the persons with diabetes contributing to the registry. We would like to thank all Ukrainian regional endocrinologists who regularly report the information about their diabetes patients to the Ukrainian Paediatric National Diabetes Register (NDR). Austria: Belgium: Denmark: England and Wales: Finland: France: Germany: Ireland: Italy: Latvia: Netherlands: Norway: Scotland: Slovenia: Sweden: Ukraine: Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Diabetes UK.",
year = "2022",
month = may,
doi = "10.1111/dme.14766",
language = "English",
volume = "39",
journal = "Diabetic Medicine",
issn = "0742-3071",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
number = "5",
}
