TY - JOUR
T1 - Iodine deficiency during pregnancy
T2 - A national cross-sectional survey in Latvia
AU - Konrade, Ilze
AU - Kalere, Ieva
AU - Strele, Ieva
AU - Makrecka-Kuka, Marina
AU - Jekabsone, Anna
AU - Tetere, Elina
AU - Veisa, Vija
AU - Gavars, Didzis
AU - Rezeberga, Dace
AU - Pīrāgs, Valdis
AU - Lejnieks, Aivars
AU - Dambrova, Maija
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/7/30
Y1 - 2015/7/30
N2 - Objective Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction, which results in inadequate fetal brain development. In the absence of a universal salt iodization programme, we conducted a nationwide survey of iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia. Design A countrywide twenty-cluster survey, with at least twenty women per cluster. Participants completed a questionnaire on dietary habits concerning iodine intake (n 739). Thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and thyroperoxidase antibodies) was measured (n 550). Urinary iodine was measured using the ammonium persulfate method (n 696). Setting The survey was performed in all regions of Latvia during the spring and autumn seasons in 2013. Subjects Pregnant women (n 829). Results The median creatinine (Cr)-standardized urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80·8 (interquartile range (IQR) 46·1-130·6) Âg/g Cr or 69·4 (IQR 53·9-92·6) Âg/l during pregnancy, and 81 % of pregnant women had UIC levels below the WHO recommended range of 150-250 Âg/g Cr. The UIC was lowest during the first trimester of pregnancy, 56·0 (IQR 36·4-100·6) Âg/g Cr, reaching higher concentrations of 87·5 (IQR 46·4-141·7) Âg/g Cr and 86·9 (IQR 53·8-140·6) Âg/g Cr in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Women taking supplements containing ≥150 Âg iodine (6·8 % of respondents) had non-significantly higher UIC than did women without supplementation (96·2 v. 80·3 Âg/g Cr, respectively, P=NS). Thyroperoxidase antibody concentration did not correlate significantly with UIC: Spearman's ρ=-0·012, P=0·78. Conclusions The median UIC indicates iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia. Iodine supplementation (150 Âg daily) and regular UIC monitoring should be suggested to overcome iodine deficiency and to reach the recommended levels without inducing autoimmune processes.
AB - Objective Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction, which results in inadequate fetal brain development. In the absence of a universal salt iodization programme, we conducted a nationwide survey of iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia. Design A countrywide twenty-cluster survey, with at least twenty women per cluster. Participants completed a questionnaire on dietary habits concerning iodine intake (n 739). Thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and thyroperoxidase antibodies) was measured (n 550). Urinary iodine was measured using the ammonium persulfate method (n 696). Setting The survey was performed in all regions of Latvia during the spring and autumn seasons in 2013. Subjects Pregnant women (n 829). Results The median creatinine (Cr)-standardized urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80·8 (interquartile range (IQR) 46·1-130·6) Âg/g Cr or 69·4 (IQR 53·9-92·6) Âg/l during pregnancy, and 81 % of pregnant women had UIC levels below the WHO recommended range of 150-250 Âg/g Cr. The UIC was lowest during the first trimester of pregnancy, 56·0 (IQR 36·4-100·6) Âg/g Cr, reaching higher concentrations of 87·5 (IQR 46·4-141·7) Âg/g Cr and 86·9 (IQR 53·8-140·6) Âg/g Cr in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Women taking supplements containing ≥150 Âg iodine (6·8 % of respondents) had non-significantly higher UIC than did women without supplementation (96·2 v. 80·3 Âg/g Cr, respectively, P=NS). Thyroperoxidase antibody concentration did not correlate significantly with UIC: Spearman's ρ=-0·012, P=0·78. Conclusions The median UIC indicates iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia. Iodine supplementation (150 Âg daily) and regular UIC monitoring should be suggested to overcome iodine deficiency and to reach the recommended levels without inducing autoimmune processes.
KW - Iodine deficiency
KW - Iodine supplementation
KW - Pregnancy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84948573167&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/S1368980015000464
DO - 10.1017/S1368980015000464
M3 - Review article
C2 - 25731595
AN - SCOPUS:84948573167
SN - 1368-9800
VL - 18
SP - 2990
EP - 2997
JO - Public Health Nutrition
JF - Public Health Nutrition
IS - 16
ER -