TY - JOUR
T1 - Platinum group elements in geosphere and anthroposphere
T2 - Interplay among the global reserves, urban ores, markets and circular economy
AU - Burlakovs, Juris
AU - Vincevica-Gaile, Zane
AU - Krievans, Maris
AU - Jani, Yahya
AU - Horttanainen, Mika
AU - Pehme, Kaur Mikk
AU - Dace, Elina
AU - Setyobudi, Roy Hendroko
AU - Pilecka, Jovita
AU - Denafas, Gintaras
AU - Grinfelde, Inga
AU - Bhatnagar, Amit
AU - Rud, Vasiliy
AU - Rudovica, Vita
AU - Mersky, Ronald L.
AU - Anne, Olga
AU - Kriipsalu, Mait
AU - Ozola-Davidane, Ruta
AU - Tamm, Toomas
AU - Klavins, Maris
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This study was supported by project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/3/19/531 “Innovative technologies for stabilization of landfills—diminishing of environmental impact and resources potential in frames of circular economy”.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/6/21
Y1 - 2020/6/21
N2 - Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)—Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt—makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as “safe heaven” assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.
AB - Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)—Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt—makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as “safe heaven” assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Commodity markets
KW - Critical elements
KW - Limitation of resources
KW - Mining
KW - Platinum group metals
KW - Recycling
KW - Supply and demand
KW - Sustainability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85090694008&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/min10060558
DO - 10.3390/min10060558
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85090694008
SN - 2075-163X
VL - 10
SP - 1
EP - 19
JO - Minerals
JF - Minerals
IS - 6
M1 - 558
ER -