Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome-Like Symptoms Following COVID-19 Vaccination: An Overview of Clinical Literature

Background
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a common condition affecting more than 170 people per 100,000 population. However, POTS following COVID-19 vaccination remains a rare reporting in the medical literature.

Objective
We, herein, summarize and highlight the evidence that has been reported regarding POTS-like symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination.

Methods
We conducted a literature search and summarized the findings in the form of a narrative commentary. All types of publications (case reports/series, original articles, letters to editors, brief communications etc.) in English language were included.

Results
Whilst the exact pathogenetic mechanism behind POTS is yet to elucidated, there has been increasing evidence pointing towards an autoimmune dysfunction. Females were found to be predominantly affected (72%) with age range from 17 years to 52 years. Additionally, it seems that POTS-like symptoms could be triggered after immunization with Pfizer- BioNTech, Moderna, and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines. The symptoms typically appear within the first week, depending upon previous exposure to the virus and presence of other systemic conditions. In some patients, the condition is self-resolving. However, in others, non-pharmacological interventions coupled with negative ionotropic medications can be used for symptomatic management of the patients.

Conclusions
Timely diagnosis and proper treatment are quintessential for ensuring early alleviation (and in some cases complete resolution) of symptoms. Furthermore, there may be episodes of relapse. Overall prognosis of the new-onset POTS-like symptoms is difficult to predict based on current literature.