Public service media in Latvia, Luxembourg, and Malta: A struggle for independence and relevance in the digital age

Public service media (PSM) are essential for democracy, aiming to provide media pluralism and represent diverse social groups and perspectives that may be overlooked by the commercial media sector. Their operation is defined by nationwide accessibility and the production of content that should serve all communities in a fair and balanced manner. At the same time, PSM are usually established by the State, raising concerns about their independence due to the potential state influence through financing or management appointments. Moreover, it is expected that PSM remain relevant in the online dimension and contribute to the democratic sphere by acting as a countermeasure to disinformation and information disorder. However, the introduction of innovative media services beyond the formal scope of PSM requires careful consideration to ensure that it doesn't disproportionately distort the market. This chapter explores the evolving role of PSM in Europe using a decade's worth of data from the Media Pluralism Monitor. It delves into various PSM systems and examines risks associated with their management and financing models, with case studies on Latvia, Luxembourg, and Malta.