Research on quantification of food loss and waste in Europe: A systematic literature review and synthesis of methodological limitations

Quantifying food loss and waste (FLW) is a priority on the international agenda, as it is essential to establish effective prevention and reduction measures for FLW generation. Nevertheless, FLW data remain inconsistent, making it challenging to compare data across sectors, monitor long-term trends and thus set attainable prevention targets, specifically aligning with SDG12.3 of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. With the mandatory food waste accounting in the European Union (EU), accurate FLW quantification becomes relevant. In this study, a systematic literature review of FLW quantification research within the EU agri-food chain was done. The information was synthesised and coded to identify definitional and methodological differences across studies and common FLW quantification frameworks – the Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard and the EU delegated decision 2019/1597. In addition, limitations outlined in the studies were synthesised to identify aspects limiting the credibility of the quantification procedure and applicability of the FLW data. Our findings indicate significant variability in research methods, representativity and scope across studies. Results show that food service and households are the most studied stages of the food supply chain, with questionnaires being the most used method. Unrepresentative sample, lack of accurate data and self-reporting error emerged as major limitations in the analysed studies. Studies also highlight economic and environmental considerations beyond mass estimates of FLW, and consideration of the agricultural production (pre-harvest/pre-slaughter and harvest/slaughter) stage in FLW quantification. This study provides insights into overlooked aspects and potential advances in FLW quantification research for broader impact beyond mandatory reporting.