TY - JOUR
T1 - Stress levels among winter swimmers, firefighters, martial arts athletes in Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Spain
AU - Görner, Karol
AU - Makarowski, Ryszard
AU - Predoiu, Radu
AU - Piotrowski, Andrzej
AU - Predoiu, Alexandra
AU - Bertollo, Maurizio
AU - Di Fronso, Selenia
AU - Malinauskas, Romualdas
AU - Vazne, Zermena
AU - Croitoru, Doina
AU - Boe, Ole
AU - Bitang, Andrei
AU - Barbu, Dumitru
AU - Miklósi, Márta
AU - Kovács, Klára
AU - Vicente-Salar, Néstor
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, the Authors. Published by Archives of Budo.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Background & Study Aims: Pro-health behaviours may have the form of habits and goal-oriented activities. The first are mainly shaped by social influence and have the form of long-term patterns of automatized behaviours (e.g., bodily hygiene, eating habits). On the other hand, goal-oriented activities are shaped during the course of individual devel-opment and the self-creation of one’s lifestyle. The aim of the current study was knowledge about stress levels between winter swimmers and martial arts athletes (pro-health behaviours) on the one hand, firefighters and non-athletes having a sedentary behaviour (anti-health behaviours) on the other. Material & Methods: Results: Conclusions: The study was carried out in Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Spain. A total of 542 individuals participated, including 72 winter swimmers, 358 martial arts athletes, 49 professional fire-fighters, and 63 non-athletes. The Perception of Stress Questionnaire by M. Plopa and R. Makarowski (2010) was used to measure emotional tension, external stress, and intrapsychic stress. From among the 11 samples, the highest total stress levels and external stress levels were reported by fire-fighters. The lowest levels of external and intrapsychic stress were reported by winter swimmers, while the lowest levels of emotional tension were reported by Lithuanian martial arts athletes. The lowest total stress levels were reported by winter swimmers and Lithuanian martial arts athletes. Male martial arts athletes from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia reported higher stress levels than female athletes. Physical fitness alone, possessed by professional firefighters, is an insufficient buffer against stress, in con-trast to winter swimmers. Pro-health behaviours, that is, training in martial arts and winter swimming, lowers external stress, intrapsychic stress, and emotional tension. If conditions permit it, winter swimming together with training in martial arts may lower stress.
AB - Background & Study Aims: Pro-health behaviours may have the form of habits and goal-oriented activities. The first are mainly shaped by social influence and have the form of long-term patterns of automatized behaviours (e.g., bodily hygiene, eating habits). On the other hand, goal-oriented activities are shaped during the course of individual devel-opment and the self-creation of one’s lifestyle. The aim of the current study was knowledge about stress levels between winter swimmers and martial arts athletes (pro-health behaviours) on the one hand, firefighters and non-athletes having a sedentary behaviour (anti-health behaviours) on the other. Material & Methods: Results: Conclusions: The study was carried out in Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Spain. A total of 542 individuals participated, including 72 winter swimmers, 358 martial arts athletes, 49 professional fire-fighters, and 63 non-athletes. The Perception of Stress Questionnaire by M. Plopa and R. Makarowski (2010) was used to measure emotional tension, external stress, and intrapsychic stress. From among the 11 samples, the highest total stress levels and external stress levels were reported by fire-fighters. The lowest levels of external and intrapsychic stress were reported by winter swimmers, while the lowest levels of emotional tension were reported by Lithuanian martial arts athletes. The lowest total stress levels were reported by winter swimmers and Lithuanian martial arts athletes. Male martial arts athletes from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia reported higher stress levels than female athletes. Physical fitness alone, possessed by professional firefighters, is an insufficient buffer against stress, in con-trast to winter swimmers. Pro-health behaviours, that is, training in martial arts and winter swimming, lowers external stress, intrapsychic stress, and emotional tension. If conditions permit it, winter swimming together with training in martial arts may lower stress.
KW - emotional tension
KW - external stress
KW - intrapsychic stress
KW - pro-health behaviours
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85180838655&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85180838655
SN - 1643-8698
VL - 19
SP - 213
EP - 225
JO - Archives of Budo
JF - Archives of Budo
ER -