The concentrations of different cytokines in the cleft lip palate affected tissue

The clarification of the role in cytokines in pathogenesis of craniofacial defects could help better to understand the anomalies. Just limited number of studies have tried to quantify the levels of various cytokines in cleft patients. This leaves a huge gap in analysing the levels of cytokines in cleft tissue and their potential role in tissue remodeling. The present study aims to contribute towards the understanding of concentrations of cytokines in the cleft affected lip (CAL). This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Riga Stradins University (5/25.06.2018, Project Nr.5-1/384/2020). The lip material from the defect place was obtained from 12 children (8 boys, 4 girls) aged before primary dentition (3 months to 1,6 years old) during plastic surgery. The half of mothers showed problems in their pregnancy time and the half of children also demonstrated problematic anamnesis morbi. The ELISA kit (Multi-Analyte ELISArray Kits, QIAGEN) was performed, following the company instructions and recommendations to detect cytokine concentrations. Coefficient of Variance (CV%) was calculated to analyse the inter-sample variations. The highest concentrations were recorded for TGFβ-1 followed by TNF-α. The lowest concentrations were recorded for IL-17A followed by IL-2. A large variation was observed in the concentrations of IL-2, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α and G-CSF (all having CV > 50%). IL-4, IL-12, and IL-13 showed less variance amongst the samples (all having CV < 30%). There were also individual changes in levels of cytokines observed in CAL. TGF-β and TNF-α are the most common cytokines in the CAL tissue, proved by the facts, that all patients showed high levels of these factors with almost equal distribution of TGF-β, but wider range for the TNF-α. The cytokine concentrations are very individual, especially for IL-6 and IL-17a proved by their elevated variations in levels from 2.4 to even 24 times.