TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of different degrees of lockdown and self-identified gender on anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic
T2 - Data from the international COMET-G study
AU - Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N
AU - Karakatsoulis, Grigorios N
AU - Abraham, Seri
AU - Adorjan, Kristina
AU - Ahmed, Helal Uddin
AU - Alarcón, Renato D
AU - Arai, Kiyomi
AU - Auwal, Sani Salihu
AU - Berk, Michael
AU - Bjedov, Sarah
AU - Bobes, Julio
AU - Bobes-Bascaran, Teresa
AU - Bourgin-Duchesnay, Julie
AU - Bredicean, Cristina Ana
AU - Bukelskis, Laurynas
AU - Burkadze, Akaki
AU - Abud, Indira Indiana Cabrera
AU - Castilla-Puentes, Ruby
AU - Cetkovich, Marcelo
AU - Colon-Rivera, Hector
AU - Corral, Ricardo
AU - Cortez-Vergara, Carla
AU - Crepin, Piirika
AU - De Berardis, Domenico
AU - Delgado, Sergio Zamora
AU - De Lucena, David
AU - De Sousa, Avinash
AU - Stefano, Ramona Di
AU - Dodd, Seetal
AU - Elek, Livia Priyanka
AU - Elissa, Anna
AU - Erdelyi-Hamza, Berta
AU - Erzin, Gamze
AU - Etchevers, Martin J
AU - Falkai, Peter
AU - Farcas, Adriana
AU - Fedotov, Ilya
AU - Filatova, Viktoriia
AU - Fountoulakis, Nikolaos K
AU - Frankova, Iryna
AU - Franza, Francesco
AU - Frias, Pedro
AU - Garay, Cristian J
AU - Galako, Tatiana
AU - Garcia-Álvarez, Leticia
AU - García-Portilla, Maria Paz
AU - Gonda, Xenia
AU - Gondek, Tomasz M
AU - González, Daniela Morera
AU - Rancans, Elmars
AU - Vrubļevska, Jeļena
AU - COMET-G collaboration
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question. Material and Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. Statistical Analysis: It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis Results: Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small. Conclusions: The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health.
AB - Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question. Material and Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. Statistical Analysis: It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis Results: Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small. Conclusions: The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Depression
KW - Mental health, lockdown, anxiety, mental health history
KW - Suicidality
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85134329962&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702
DO - 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702
M3 - Article
C2 - 35839639
SN - 0165-1781
VL - 315
JO - Psychiatry Research
JF - Psychiatry Research
M1 - 114702
ER -